Horst Ludwig Störmer

Horst Ludwig Störmer is a German-born physicist who shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the fractional quantum Hall effect.

Daniel Tsui: Daniel Tsui is a Chinese-American physicist who shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the fractional quantum Hall effect. Tsui collaborated with Störmer on the experiments that revealed the effect.
Fractional quantum Hall effect: The fractional quantum Hall effect is a quantized Hall state in which collective electron behavior produces fractional filling factors and quasiparticles. This is the phenomenon Störmer and Tsui discovered.
Integer quantum Hall effect: The integer quantum Hall effect is the quantization of Hall conductance in integer multiples of a fundamental value. Its discovery established the experimental and conceptual setting for the fractional counterpart.
Anyons: Anyons are two-dimensional quasiparticles whose exchange statistics differ from those of bosons and fermions. Fractional Hall quasiparticles can exhibit the exotic exchange behavior characteristic of anyons.
Arthur Gossard: Arthur Gossard is an American physicist known for developing semiconductor heterostructures. His semiconductor structures enabled the low-temperature, high-mobility electron systems used in the discovery.
Quantum Hall effect: The quantum Hall effect is the quantization of transverse electrical resistance in a two-dimensional electron system under a strong magnetic field. The fractional effect is a strongly interacting regime within this broader phenomenon.
Semiconductor heterostructure: A semiconductor heterostructure combines layers of different semiconductor materials to control electronic properties at their interface. Heterostructures provided the exceptionally clean electron layers needed for Störmer’s measurements.
Topological order: Topological order is a form of quantum order distinguished by global properties and robust ground-state degeneracy. The fractional Hall state became a central example of order beyond conventional symmetry breaking.
Robert B. Laughlin: Robert B. Laughlin is an American theoretical physicist who explained the fractional quantum Hall effect. His theoretical account complemented the experimental discovery recognized by the same Nobel Prize.
Two-dimensional electron gas: A two-dimensional electron gas confines electrons to move freely in two dimensions while restricting motion in the third. Störmer’s experiments used electrons confined at a semiconductor interface.

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Daniel C. TsuiRelated: Störmer collaborated with Tsui on the experiments that revealed fractional charge.