Hosni Mubarak

Hosni Mubarak was an Egyptian military officer and politician who served as president from 1981 until his resignation during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.

Egyptian emergency law: A legal framework that grants Egypt’s government exceptional powers during declared states of emergency. Mubarak’s government used emergency powers for nearly his entire presidency.
National Democratic Party (Egypt): The Egyptian political party that dominated parliament and government under Hosni Mubarak. The party organized the political machinery that supported Mubarak’s presidency.
Egyptian Air Force: The air warfare branch of Egypt’s armed forces, responsible for the country’s military aviation. Mubarak rose through its ranks and led it before becoming vice president.
Gamal Mubarak: An Egyptian businessman and politician, and the younger son of Hosni Mubarak. His perceived path to succeed his father became a focus of political opposition.
Resignation of Hosni Mubarak: Hosni Mubarak’s departure from office on 11 February 2011 after 18 days of mass protests. It formally ended his presidency and transferred authority to the armed forces.
Egyptian Armed Forces: Egypt’s national military, a powerful institution with major political and economic influence. The military’s decision not to suppress protesters helped determine Mubarak’s fate.
Egyptian State Security Investigations Service: An Egyptian internal-security agency that monitored political opposition and investigated perceived threats to the state. The agency helped police dissent under Mubarak’s government.
Anwar Sadat: Egyptian president from 1970 until his assassination in 1981, and Mubarak’s predecessor. Sadat appointed Mubarak vice president, positioning him as successor.
Mohamed Morsi: Egyptian politician who became the country’s first elected civilian president in 2012 after Mubarak’s ouster. Morsi’s brief presidency followed the political transition unleashed by Mubarak’s resignation.
Trial of Hosni Mubarak: The Egyptian criminal proceedings against Mubarak over the killing of protesters and other alleged offenses. The trial turned his departure into a public reckoning over state violence.

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