Hostile media effect

The tendency for people with opposing views to perceive the same balanced media coverage as biased against their own side. It is especially pronounced among people strongly committed to an issue.

Biased assimilation: The tendency to interpret new evidence in ways that favor existing beliefs. The same interpretive asymmetry helps explain why opposing viewers see different slants in identical coverage.
Israeli–Palestinian conflict: A national and territorial conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over land, sovereignty, security, and rights. Coverage of this conflict supplied the issue context for the effect's original demonstration.
Social identity theory: A theory that explains how group memberships shape self-concept, attitudes, and relations between groups. It explains why perceived media slights can feel like attacks on one's group.
Media trust: The degree to which people regard media organizations and their reporting as credible and reliable. Perceived hostile coverage can undermine trust even when reporting is balanced.
Confirmation bias: The tendency to seek, interpret, and recall information in ways that support existing beliefs. It can direct attention toward coverage details that appear to favor the opposing side.
1982 Lebanon War: A war in Lebanon beginning with Israel's invasion in June 1982. The original experiment examined opposing viewers' reactions to television coverage of this war.
Group polarization: The tendency for discussion among like-minded people to strengthen their group's prevailing views. It can intensify the commitments that make coverage seem hostile.
Public trust: Confidence that public institutions and other people act reliably and in the common interest. Repeated claims of hostile coverage can spill into broader distrust of institutions.
Selective perception: The tendency for expectations and beliefs to shape what people notice and how they interpret it. It helps account for opposing viewers noticing different apparent biases in the same report.
Vallone, Ross, and Lepper 1985 study: A study in which pro-Israeli and pro-Arab viewers assessed the same television coverage of the 1982 Lebanon War. This study named and demonstrated the hostile media effect.

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Selective exposureCompared with: It concerns judgments about shared content, rather than choices to seek or avoid content.