Hubertus Strughold

Hubertus Strughold was a German-American physiologist who helped establish space medicine. He directed German aviation medicine research during World War II and later worked in the United States.

Wernher von Braun: A German rocket engineer who led the development of the V-2 and later directed major U.S. spaceflight programs. Like Strughold, von Braun was recruited from Germany to work in the United States after World War II.
German aviation medicine: The study of human physiology and medical problems associated with flight in Germany. Strughold led German military aviation medicine research during the Second World War.
Space medicine: The study and practice of protecting human health during spaceflight. Strughold helped define this field by adapting aviation medicine to the conditions of space.
Aerospace Medical Association: A professional organization founded in 1929 for medicine and human performance in aviation and spaceflight. Strughold participated in the professional community that connected aviation medicine to emerging space medicine.
Theodor Benzinger: A German-American physician and physiologist who conducted research on human responses to extreme environments. Benzinger’s work in aviation physiology overlapped with the research networks in which Strughold worked.
Luftwaffe: The German air force established under the Nazi regime and active from 1935 to 1945. Strughold’s wartime research leadership operated within the Luftwaffe’s aviation medicine system.
Space physiology: The study of how the human body responds to the spaceflight environment. Strughold’s research framed bodily responses to weightlessness, acceleration, and other flight stresses.
NASA: The U.S. federal agency responsible for the civilian space program and aeronautics research. NASA’s human spaceflight programs drew on medical knowledge developed in the institutions Strughold helped build.
Clarence J. Gamble: An American physician and philanthropist who supported research in physiology and public health. Gamble helped fund early American research into the physiological problems of spaceflight.
Nazi human experimentation: Coercive and often lethal medical experiments conducted on people under Nazi rule. Historical scrutiny of wartime aviation medicine includes questions about experiments and the institutions around them.

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