Hudson Bay

Hudson Bay is a large inland sea in northeastern Canada, connected to the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Ocean and bordered by Nunavut, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec.

Hudson Strait: A strait connecting Hudson Bay with the Labrador Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. This eastern outlet links the bay to Atlantic waters.
Hudson Bay sea ice: Seasonal and persistent sea ice that forms across Hudson Bay during the cold months. The bay’s large seasonal ice cover controls access and shapes its marine habitat.
Laurentide Ice Sheet: A vast ice sheet that covered much of Canada during the Pleistocene glaciations. Its retreat formed the basin’s postglacial landscape and left the region rebounding.
Churchill, Manitoba: A town on Hudson Bay in northern Manitoba, known as a port and a site for polar-bear viewing. Its coast is a prominent place where people encounter the bay’s wildlife and seasonal ice.
Polar bear–human conflict: Dangerous encounters between polar bears and people, often occurring where settlements overlap with bear movement. Late-summer bear concentrations near Churchill create local safety challenges.
Foxe Basin: A shallow Arctic marine basin north of Hudson Bay, separated from it by narrow channels and islands. It lies immediately north of the bay and shares its Arctic setting.
Tides of Hudson Bay: The periodic rise and fall of sea level in Hudson Bay, driven mainly by lunar and solar gravity. Tides are especially pronounced in parts of the bay and influence coastal ecosystems.
Tyrrell Sea: A postglacial sea that flooded parts of the Hudson Bay lowlands after the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated. Its marine deposits record the bay’s transformation after deglaciation.
Polar bear: A large Arctic bear whose survival depends heavily on access to sea ice for hunting seals. Hudson Bay sea ice provides seasonal hunting grounds for a major polar-bear population.
Climate change in the Arctic: The rapid warming of the Arctic, which is altering sea ice, ecosystems, and human livelihoods. Warming changes the timing and extent of Hudson Bay’s seasonal ice.

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