Hybrid orbital

A hybrid orbital is a localized orbital formed by combining atomic orbitals on the same atom. Hybridization models molecular bonding and geometry, especially in valence-bond theory.

Linear combination of atomic orbitals: A method that represents molecular orbitals as sums of atomic orbitals. Hybrid orbitals are combinations of atomic orbitals localized on one atom.
Atomic orbital: A one-electron wavefunction associated with an atom, describing an electron's spatial distribution. Hybrid orbitals are formed from atomic orbitals belonging to the same atom.
Molecular geometry: The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Hybrid-orbital directions provide a simple model for common molecular shapes.
Molecular orbital theory: A theory that describes electrons in orbitals extending over an entire molecule. It explains bonding without requiring localized hybrid orbitals as fundamental entities.
sp hybridization: The combination of one s orbital and one p orbital into two directed hybrid orbitals. It produces two oppositely directed orbitals associated with linear arrangements.
s orbital: An atomic orbital with zero angular momentum and spherical spatial symmetry. An s orbital contributes to the mixtures that form common hybrids.
Methane: A molecule consisting of one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Its four equivalent C–H bonds are classically described using carbon sp3 hybrids.
Localized molecular orbital: A molecular orbital concentrated over a limited region, such as a bond or lone pair. Hybrid orbitals can serve as components in localized descriptions of molecular orbitals.
sp2 hybridization: The combination of one s orbital and two p orbitals into three coplanar hybrid orbitals. Its three hybrids point toward the corners of a trigonal plane.
p orbital: An atomic orbital with one unit of orbital angular momentum and directional spatial lobes. One or more p orbitals combine with s orbitals to create directed hybrids.

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