Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that increases renal sodium and water excretion. It is used to treat hypertension and fluid retention.

Distal convoluted tubule: A nephron segment that reabsorbs sodium and chloride and helps regulate calcium and magnesium balance. Hydrochlorothiazide acts on sodium transport in this nephron segment.
Hypertension: Persistently elevated pressure of blood within the arteries. Hydrochlorothiazide lowers blood pressure, often as part of combination treatment.
Nephron: The kidney's functional unit, consisting of a filtering corpuscle and a tubular system. Hydrochlorothiazide changes salt handling within nephron tubules.
Loop diuretic: A diuretic that inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Loop diuretics act upstream and usually produce stronger diuresis.
Sodium-chloride symporter: A membrane protein that cotransports sodium and chloride into cells of the distal convoluted tubule. Hydrochlorothiazide inhibits this transporter, reducing sodium and chloride reabsorption.
Edema: Excess fluid accumulated in the body's tissues. Increased salt and water excretion can reduce fluid retention.
Glomerular filtration: The movement of water and small solutes from blood into the kidney's filtering units. Filtered sodium enters the tubular fluid that the drug alters downstream.
Indapamide: A thiazide-like diuretic used primarily to treat hypertension. It is another thiazide-like option with distinct pharmacologic properties.
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system: A hormone system that regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and sodium retention. Reduced circulating volume can activate this system during treatment.
Nephrolithiasis: The formation of mineral stones in the kidneys or urinary tract. Thiazides can reduce urinary calcium and help prevent some recurrent calcium stones.

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