Hydrogen bond

A directional attractive interaction involving hydrogen covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom with an available electron pair. It is weaker than a typical covalent bond but often shapes molecular structure and material properties.

Electronegativity: A measure of how strongly an atom attracts shared electrons in a chemical bond. Electronegativity polarizes the donor bond, leaving hydrogen partially positive.
Hydrogen-bond donor: An atom or molecular group with hydrogen covalently bonded to an electronegative atom that can participate in hydrogen bonding. The donor supplies the polarized hydrogen at the center of the interaction.
DNA: A nucleic acid that stores hereditary information in living organisms. Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases help hold the two strands together.
Van der Waals force: A collective term for weak attractions or repulsions arising from permanent or fluctuating electric multipoles. These interactions also shape molecular association but generally lack hydrogen bonding's specific donor–acceptor pattern.
Ice: The solid crystalline form of water, with molecules arranged in an ordered lattice. Its open hydrogen-bonded lattice makes ordinary ice less dense than liquid water.
Partial charge: A nonintegral electrical charge assigned to an atom within a molecule because electrons are distributed unevenly. The donor hydrogen's partial positive charge helps attract the acceptor.
Hydrogen-bond acceptor: An electronegative atom with available electron density that can interact with a hydrogen-bond donor. The acceptor provides the electron-rich site approached by the donor hydrogen.
Protein secondary structure: Local, recurring arrangements of a protein backbone, especially alpha helices and beta sheets. Backbone hydrogen bonds stabilize alpha helices and beta sheets.
Halogen bond: An attractive interaction between an electrophilic region of a halogen atom and a nucleophilic site. It resembles hydrogen bonding in directionality but centers on a halogen rather than hydrogen.
DNA base pairing: The selective association of nucleobases across DNA strands, primarily through hydrogen bonds. Complementary pairing illustrates how multiple hydrogen bonds encode molecular recognition.

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