Hydrogen ion

A charged atom or molecular species containing hydrogen. The term commonly denotes H⁺, a proton, though hydrogen can also form negative ions such as H⁻.

Hydrogen atom: The simplest atom, with one proton and usually one electron. Removing its electron produces the positively charged hydrogen ion.
Hydronium: The positively charged H₃O⁺ ion formed when water accepts a proton. In water, an added proton is associated with water molecules rather than remaining bare.
pH: A logarithmic measure related to hydrogen-ion activity in a solution. pH provides the standard practical scale for describing aqueous acidity.
Hydroxide: The negatively charged OH⁻ ion, consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Hydroxide is a common aqueous counterpart to H⁺ in acid–base chemistry.
Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle found in atomic nuclei. For ordinary hydrogen, losing the sole electron leaves a bare proton.
Solvation: The stabilization of a solute by interactions with surrounding solvent molecules. Solvent molecules stabilize hydrogen ions and shape their chemical behavior.
Acid: A chemical species that donates protons or accepts electron pairs, depending on the definition used. Acids raise proton concentration or activity in aqueous solutions.
Deuteron: The nucleus of deuterium, containing one proton and one neutron. A deuterium ion retains this nucleus, so it is not simply a bare proton.
Electron: A negatively charged elementary particle that occupies states around atomic nuclei. Hydrogen’s charge changes when it gains or loses an electron.
Proton transfer: A chemical process in which a proton moves from one species to another. Many reactions involving H⁺ are transfers between molecular partners.

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