Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation adds hydrogen atoms to a substance, often by reacting it with molecular hydrogen. It can saturate carbon–carbon bonds or reduce other chemical groups.

Heterogeneous catalysis: Catalysis in which the catalyst and reactants occupy different phases. Metal surfaces bring hydrogen and unsaturated molecules together during many industrial hydrogenations.
Haber–Bosch process: An industrial process that synthesizes ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. It uses hydrogen to reduce nitrogen into ammonia on an enormous industrial scale.
Alkene: A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon–carbon double bond. Adding hydrogen across this bond converts an alkene into an alkane.
Transfer hydrogenation: A reduction that transfers hydrogen from a donor molecule instead of using H₂ gas directly. It achieves hydrogenation without feeding molecular hydrogen to the reaction.
Homogeneous catalysis: Catalysis in which catalyst and reactants occupy the same phase. Soluble metal complexes enable selective hydrogenation in solution.
Fischer–Tropsch process: A catalytic process that converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen into hydrocarbons. It builds liquid fuels and waxes from synthesis gas through hydrogen-rich chemistry.
Alkyne: A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon–carbon triple bond. Hydrogenation can reduce an alkyne fully or stop at an alkene.
Dissolving metal reduction: A reduction using an alkali metal dissolved in liquid ammonia, often with an alcohol proton source. It can reduce alkynes to trans-alkenes, unlike common catalyst-controlled hydrogenation routes.
Hydrogen dissociation: The splitting of a hydrogen molecule into separate hydrogen atoms. Metal catalysts commonly activate molecular hydrogen by breaking its H–H bond.
Vegetable oil: An edible oil composed mainly of triglycerides containing fatty-acid chains. Hydrogenation can reduce its unsaturation, changing melting behavior and texture.

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