Hyksos

The Hyksos were rulers of West Asian origin who controlled much of northern Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, chiefly in the 17th and 16th centuries BCE.

Second Intermediate Period: A period of political division in Egypt between the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom. The Hyksos rose to power during this era of divided rule.
Khyan: A Hyksos ruler whose inscriptions and objects are found across Egypt and the Near East. His widely distributed objects point to diplomatic and commercial reach beyond the Delta.
Salitis: A ruler named in later Egyptian tradition as the first king of the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty. His reported founding role anchors later accounts of Hyksos rule.
New Kingdom of Egypt: The period of Egyptian imperial power from the Eighteenth through Twentieth Dynasties. The expulsion of the Hyksos inaugurated this era of renewed central rule and expansion.
Avaris: An ancient city in the eastern Nile Delta that served as the Hyksos capital. Its archaeology reveals the Hyksos center of power and ties to the Levant.
Apepi: A Hyksos king who ruled from Avaris during the later 17th Dynasty. His reign shows the Hyksos court adopting Egyptian royal forms while ruling the north.
Seqenenre Tao: A Theban ruler of the Seventeenth Dynasty whose mummy bears severe head wounds. His death belongs to the conflict between Theban rulers and the Hyksos.
Horse: A domesticated equid used for transport, labor, warfare, and sport. Horses became established in Egypt during the period associated with Hyksos rule.
Tell el-Dab'a: An archaeological site in the eastern Nile Delta, identified with ancient Avaris. Excavations there document changing settlement, trade, and burial customs under Hyksos rule.
Egyptian hieroglyphs: A writing system using signs for sounds, words, and ideas in ancient Egypt. Hyksos rulers used Egyptian writing and titulary to present themselves as legitimate kings.

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