Knowra Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood. It can occur when insulin is insufficient or ineffective, especially in diabetes mellitus.
Insulin : Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage. Too little insulin or reduced response to it commonly allows glucose to accumulate in blood.
Diabetic ketoacidosis : Diabetic ketoacidosis is an acute complication of diabetes marked by ketone accumulation, metabolic acidosis, and usually hyperglycemia. Severe insulin deficiency can turn hyperglycemia into this life-threatening emergency.
Diabetes mellitus : Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, action, or both. It is the most common clinical context in which persistent hyperglycemia occurs.
Hypoglycemia : Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below the range considered normal or safe. It is the opposite glucose abnormality and requires different immediate treatment.
Hepatic glucose production : Hepatic glucose production is the liver’s release of glucose through glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis. Excess liver glucose output can raise blood glucose, particularly when insulin action is impaired.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state : Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state is a severe diabetic emergency involving profound hyperglycemia, dehydration, and increased blood osmolality. It is a dangerous consequence of prolonged, extreme hyperglycemia, often with little ketosis.
Type 1 diabetes : Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys pancreatic beta cells and causes severe insulin deficiency. Without insulin replacement, glucose can rise rapidly and ketones can accumulate.
Euglycemia : Euglycemia is a blood glucose concentration within the normal range. It provides the reference state from which hyperglycemia is defined.
Gluconeogenesis : Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, glycerol, and amino acids. This pathway supplies glucose during fasting and can remain overactive in diabetes.
Glycosuria : Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, commonly occurring when blood glucose exceeds renal reabsorption capacity. It helps explain frequent urination during marked hyperglycemia.
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