Knowra Hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism is excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by one or more parathyroid glands. It disrupts calcium and phosphate balance, often raising blood calcium and weakening bones.
Parathyroid hormone : A hormone from the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood and tissues. Its excess secretion drives the defining biochemical effects of hyperparathyroidism.
Primary hyperparathyroidism : Excess parathyroid hormone secretion caused by disease within the parathyroid glands. It is the common gland-driven form, often identified by high calcium and nonsuppressed hormone.
Parathyroid glands : Small endocrine glands, usually four, located near the thyroid that secrete parathyroid hormone. Their abnormal secretion is the source of the hormone excess defining this disorder.
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia : An inherited condition causing lifelong mild hypercalcemia, typically with low urinary calcium and normal or mildly elevated parathyroid hormone. It can resemble primary hyperparathyroidism but usually does not benefit from parathyroid surgery.
Calcium homeostasis : The regulation of calcium concentrations in blood, cells, and tissues within functional ranges. Hyperparathyroidism disrupts this regulation by increasing circulating calcium.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism : Increased parathyroid hormone secretion as a response to chronic low calcium or related mineral imbalance. It contrasts with primary disease because an external disturbance stimulates the glands.
Endocrine system : The network of glands and tissues that release hormones to regulate body functions. The parathyroid glands cause disease through hormone secretion into this system.
Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia : Elevated blood calcium caused by cancer, commonly through parathyroid hormone-related peptide or bone involvement. It is a frequent alternative explanation for high calcium, usually with suppressed native parathyroid hormone.
Bone resorption : The process by which bone tissue is broken down and its minerals released into the bloodstream. Excess parathyroid hormone promotes mineral release from bone, contributing to skeletal loss.
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism : Autonomous parathyroid hormone secretion that develops after prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism. It can follow longstanding kidney-related stimulation, even after the original imbalance changes.
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