Hypertension
Hypertension is a persistent elevation of blood pressure in the arteries. It increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney damage.
Blood pressure: The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Hypertension is defined by blood pressure that remains above a diagnostic threshold.
Systolic pressure: The peak arterial pressure during a heartbeat, when the heart contracts. It is the upper reading used to classify hypertension.
Lifestyle medicine: The use of behavioral changes to prevent or manage disease and improve health. Diet, activity, weight management, and reduced sodium can lower blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis: A disease in which plaques build up within artery walls, narrowing and stiffening them. Hypertension damages arterial walls and accelerates plaque-related cardiovascular disease.
Primary hypertension: Hypertension without a single identifiable cause, arising from interacting genetic and environmental factors. Most people with hypertension have this form rather than a specific underlying disease.
Renin–angiotensin system: A hormonal system that regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and vascular tone. Its persistent activation can constrict vessels and raise blood pressure.
Diastolic pressure: The arterial pressure between heartbeats, when the heart relaxes. It is the lower reading used alongside systolic pressure.
DASH diet: An eating pattern rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy, designed to lower blood pressure. Clinical trials show this dietary pattern can reduce elevated pressure.
Stroke: Brain injury caused by interrupted blood flow or bleeding within or around the brain. High blood pressure is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke.
Secondary hypertension: High blood pressure caused by an identifiable condition, medication, or substance. Finding and treating its cause can substantially change blood pressure.