Hypha

A hypha is a threadlike fungal filament that grows at its tip and forms the basic structural unit of most fungi. Hyphae collectively make up a mycelium.

Apical growth: Cell growth concentrated at a cell’s tip, extending it in one direction. Hyphae lengthen mainly by adding wall and membrane at their growing tips.
Mycelium: The interconnected mass of hyphae forming a fungus’s vegetative body. A mycelium is the larger network assembled from individual hyphae.
Mycorrhiza: A mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant root. Hyphae extend beyond roots, helping plants obtain water and mineral nutrients.
Actin filament: A thin polymer of actin protein that supports cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport. Unlike an actin filament, a hypha is a whole fungal cellular structure.
Spitzenkörper: A dynamic cluster of vesicles and proteins near the growing tip of a fungal hypha. It organizes the vesicle delivery that sustains hyphal tip extension.
Fungal cell: A eukaryotic cell with a nucleus and a cell wall, characteristic of fungi. Hyphae are elongated fungal cells or chains of connected cell compartments.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza: A plant-root symbiosis in which fungi form branched nutrient-exchange structures inside root cells. Specialized hyphae form arbuscules that exchange nutrients with plant cells.
Bacterial filament: An elongated cellular form or chain produced by some bacteria. Bacterial filaments can resemble hyphae but arise from bacterial, not fungal, cells.
Fungal cell wall: A rigid outer layer of fungal cells, built mainly from chitin and glucans. New wall material must be assembled as a hypha extends.
Pseudohypha: A chain of elongated yeast cells that resembles a true fungal hypha. Its constricted cell junctions distinguish it from a continuous true hypha.

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