Hypostatic union

The hypostatic union is the Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ is one person in two complete natures, divine and human, united without confusion or separation.

Christology: The branch of Christian theology concerned with the identity and work of Jesus Christ. The hypostatic union is a central claim within accounts of Christ’s identity.
Council of Nicaea: The 325 Christian council that affirmed the Son’s full divinity against Arianism. Its affirmation of the Son’s divinity became a premise for later debates about Christ’s humanity.
Miaphysitism: The Christological teaching that Christ has one united incarnate nature, understood as fully divine and human. Its terminology differs from Chalcedon’s two-natures formula, though it rejects a divided Christ.
Theotokos: A Greek title meaning “God-bearer,” applied to Mary because the one born from her is the divine Son incarnate. The title follows from attributing Christ’s birth to one person, not to a separate human subject.
Person (theology): In Christian theological usage, a person is a distinct subject who acts and relates. The doctrine distinguishes Christ’s one personal subject from his two natures.
Apollinarianism: A fourth-century Christological teaching that Christ’s divine Logos replaced the rational human soul. Its denial of a complete human nature exposed a key boundary of orthodox union.
Monophysitism: The doctrine that Christ has only one nature, often understood as absorbing or displacing his humanity. It contrasts with the union’s insistence that Christ’s humanity remains complete.
Christ's sinlessness: The Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ committed no sin and was free from sin’s corruption. The union raises questions about how Christ’s complete humanity relates to divine holiness.
Nature (theology): In classical theology, a nature is the set of properties and capacities belonging to a kind of being. The doctrine attributes divine and human properties to Christ through distinct natures.
Nestorianism: A Christological position associated with Nestorius that critics understood as dividing Christ’s divine and human subjects. The controversy sharpened the requirement that Christ remain one personal subject.

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