Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta was a 14th-century Moroccan traveler and scholar whose journeys across Africa, Asia, and Europe were recorded in the Rihla, a travel account dictated after his return.

Hajj: The annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, required once in a lifetime for Muslims who are able. The pilgrimage that began Ibn Battuta’s travels in 1325.
Rihla: A literary genre of Arabic travel writing, often centered on pilgrimage and journeys through the Islamic world. Ibn Battuta’s journeys survive chiefly through this form of travel narrative.
Muhammad bin Tughluq: The Delhi Sultanate ruler who reigned from 1325 to 1351. His court appointed Ibn Battuta as a judge and later sent him on a diplomatic mission.
Tangier: A port city in northern Morocco on the Strait of Gibraltar. Ibn Battuta was born there and departed on pilgrimage in 1325.
Mali Empire: A West African empire that flourished from the 13th to 16th centuries, controlling trans-Saharan trade routes. Ibn Battuta visited Mali in 1352–1353 and described its court and customs.
Ibn Juzayy: A Granadan scholar and writer who composed Ibn Battuta’s travel account from his dictated material. He shaped the Rihla’s prose and organization after Ibn Battuta returned to Morocco.
Abu Inan Faris: A Marinid sultan of Morocco who ruled from 1348 to 1358. His court commissioned Ibn Juzayy to record Ibn Battuta’s account.
Marinid dynasty: A Berber dynasty that ruled Morocco and parts of the Maghreb from the 13th to 15th centuries. Its Moroccan realm formed the political world in which Ibn Battuta began his career.
Mogadishu: A historic port city on the Somali coast of the Indian Ocean. His account portrays Mogadishu as a wealthy city tied to Indian Ocean trade.
Arabic literature: Literary works composed in Arabic across many regions, periods, and genres. The Rihla belongs to a tradition that gave travel writing established forms and conventions.

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