Ice climbing
Ice climbing is the activity of ascending frozen waterfalls, ice-covered rock, or glaciers using specialized tools such as ice axes and crampons.
Ice axe: A mountaineering tool with a pointed pick used for balance, traction, and anchoring on snow or ice. Its pick is swung into the ice for handholds, while its shaft can assist balance and self-arrest.
Front-pointing: A crampon technique in which the front points are driven into steep ice. It provides footholds on near-vertical sections where flat-footed steps are impractical.
Waterfall ice climbing: Ice climbing on frozen waterfalls, typically on steep, flowing-water formations. This is the discipline's best-known form, with routes built from seasonal waterfall ice.
Rock climbing: Climbing on natural rock or artificial walls using hands, feet, ropes, and protection. Rock climbing relies on rock holds rather than ice-tool placements and crampon points.
Crampons: Metal frames with downward-pointing spikes that attach to boots for traction on snow and ice. Front points penetrate steep ice to support precise foot placements.
Ice climbing technique: The movement skills used to ascend ice with tools, crampons, and climbing protection. It encompasses efficient swings, stable placements, and coordinated footwork.
Alpine climbing: Climbing in high mountain environments that often combines rock, snow, and ice. Ice climbing techniques form one part of mixed-terrain alpine routes.
Mountaineering: The sport and practice of traveling and climbing in mountainous terrain. Ice climbing is a specialized activity within the broader range of mountain climbing.
Ice screw: A tubular threaded anchor driven into ice to protect a climber or secure a rope. Climbers place screws in sound ice as intermediate protection during a lead.
Climbing rope: A specialized rope designed to absorb energy during a climber's fall. Rope systems connect climbers and transfer fall forces to protection and anchors.