Ice

Ice is water in a solid state, usually formed when water molecules arrange into a crystalline lattice. Its structure and properties vary with pressure and temperature.

Ice Ih: The common hexagonal crystalline form of ice found on Earth’s surface. Its open hexagonal lattice makes ordinary ice less dense than liquid water.
Glacier: A persistent mass of ice that moves under its own weight. Glaciers are large-scale accumulations of ice that flow across land.
Michael Faraday: An English scientist whose research helped establish foundational ideas in electromagnetism and chemistry. His 1850s experiments supported the idea that ice can form at contacts between surfaces.
Density anomaly of water: Water’s unusual density behavior, including its maximum density near 4 °C at ordinary pressure. Because ice is less dense than liquid water, it floats and insulates water below.
Hydrogen bond: An attractive interaction involving a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds organize water molecules into ice’s crystalline lattice.
Sea ice: Frozen seawater that forms, grows, and melts on the ocean surface. Its formation and seasonal extent influence ocean and atmospheric conditions.
Gustav Tammann: A German physical chemist who investigated phase transitions and the properties of materials. His high-pressure experiments helped identify forms of ice beyond ordinary ice.
Frost weathering: The breakdown of rock through repeated freezing and thawing of water in cracks. Ice formation can exert pressure that widens cracks in exposed rock.
Water phase diagram: A chart showing water’s stable phases across ranges of pressure and temperature. It maps the conditions under which liquid water freezes into different ice phases.
Ice core: A cylindrical sample drilled from an ice sheet or glacier, preserving layered environmental records. Bubbles and chemical traces in ice reveal past atmospheres and climates.

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