Ideal gas law

The equation of state PV = nRT relates a gas’s pressure, volume, amount of substance, and absolute temperature. It models particles with negligible volume and no intermolecular forces.

Kinetic theory of gases: A model that explains gas properties through the motion and collisions of microscopic particles. It derives pressure and temperature from particle motion, giving the molecular basis for PV = nRT.
Pressure: Force exerted per unit area, often arising in gases from particle collisions with container walls. It is the force-per-area quantity on the left side of the equation.
Boyle's law: The inverse relation between pressure and volume for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature. Holding n and T fixed in PV = nRT yields Boyle’s pressure-volume relation.
Van der Waals equation: An equation of state that corrects ideal-gas behavior for molecular attraction and finite particle volume. Its correction terms address the two idealizations omitted from PV = nRT.
Boltzmann constant: A physical constant that relates temperature to the energy scale of individual particles. It links the particle-level form PV = NkBT to the molar form using Avogadro’s constant.
Volume: The three-dimensional space occupied by a substance or object. It pairs with pressure in PV and changes inversely with pressure under fixed amount and temperature.
Charles's law: The proportional relation between gas volume and absolute temperature at fixed pressure and amount. Holding P and n fixed reduces the ideal gas law to this volume-temperature relation.
Virial equation of state: A series expansion describing gas nonideality through coefficients dependent on temperature and molecular interactions. It extends ideal behavior with systematic corrections at increasing gas density.
Avogadro constant: The number of specified elementary entities in one mole, exactly 6.02214076 × 10²³ mol⁻¹. It converts between particle count in microscopic gas equations and amount in moles.
Amount of substance: A measure of the number of specified entities in a sample, expressed in moles in the SI system. The variable n counts gas in moles, rather than tracking each molecule individually.

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