Implicit bias

Implicit bias is an automatic association or evaluation that can influence judgment and behavior without conscious endorsement. It can operate alongside, or differ from, a person’s stated beliefs.

Associative learning: Learning in which experience links stimuli, actions, or outcomes, shaping later responses. Repeated pairings can build the associations that underlie implicit evaluations.
Hiring discrimination: Unequal treatment of job applicants based on characteristics unrelated to job-relevant qualifications. Studies examine whether automatic evaluations affect screening, interviews, or selection.
Explicit bias: A consciously accessible evaluation or preference that a person can report or endorse. It contrasts with associations that influence responses without conscious endorsement.
Construct validity: The degree to which a measure captures the theoretical concept it is intended to measure. It is disputed how well reaction-time scores represent implicit bias itself.
Priming (psychology): A prior stimulus changes the speed or likelihood of responding to a later stimulus. Brief cues can activate concepts that influence judgments without deliberate reflection.
Medical racism: The production of racial inequalities in health care through beliefs, practices, and institutional structures. Implicit bias is one proposed contributor to unequal clinical communication and treatment.
Stereotype: A generalized belief about traits or behavior associated with members of a social group. Stereotypes are beliefs; implicit bias describes automatic evaluations or associations that can guide judgment.
Test–retest reliability: The consistency of a measure's results when administered to the same people on separate occasions. Low stability in some implicit measures complicates claims about enduring individual differences.
Implicit Association Test: A reaction-time task that estimates differences in the strength of associations between concepts and attributes. It measures how quickly paired categories are sorted, though its scores have interpretive limits.
Police brutality: Excessive or unjustified force used by law-enforcement personnel against civilians. Implicit associations are examined as one possible influence on threat perception and force decisions.

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