In vitro

In vitro describes experiments or processes conducted outside a living organism, typically in laboratory vessels or other controlled environments. It contrasts with work performed within a living organism.

In vivo: In vivo describes processes or experiments occurring within a living organism. It names the direct counterpart to experiments conducted outside an organism.
Cell culture: The growth and maintenance of cells in controlled conditions outside their natural organism. Cultured cells are a common living system used in vitro.
In vitro fertilization: A reproductive treatment in which eggs are fertilized with sperm outside the body. It is a prominent clinical application of processes performed outside an organism.
External validity: The extent to which study findings apply beyond the conditions in which they were obtained. It captures whether an in vitro finding generalizes to organisms or real-world settings.
Good in vitro method practices: Guidance for designing and reporting in vitro studies with reliable, reproducible methods. Shared practices address variation among laboratories and experimental systems.
Ex vivo: Ex vivo describes experiments on tissues or organs removed from an organism and studied outside it. It distinguishes intact living samples from systems assembled in laboratory vessels.
Tissue culture: The growth or maintenance of tissues outside an organism under controlled conditions. It preserves multicellular organization in some in vitro experiments.
Drug screening: The testing of compounds to identify biological activity or potential therapeutic value. Laboratory assays often screen compounds before animal or clinical studies.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: A modeling approach that predicts drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion using physiological parameters. It can help translate laboratory measurements into estimates of behavior in organisms.
NAMs (New Approach Methodologies): Research methods that provide information about chemical or biological effects without relying on traditional animal testing. In vitro systems are a major part of efforts to develop alternatives to animal studies.

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