Inclusive education

Inclusive education enables students with disabilities to learn alongside peers in general education settings, with supports and accommodations that allow meaningful participation and learning.

Universal Design for Learning: A framework for designing learning environments with flexible ways to engage, access information, and demonstrate learning. Its flexible design can reduce barriers before individual accommodations are needed.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: A United States federal law requiring eligible children with disabilities to receive a free appropriate public education. Its placement rules and individualized planning framework govern much U.S. inclusive practice.
Differentiated instruction: An approach that adapts teaching methods, materials, or tasks to differences among learners. Teachers vary instruction so students can pursue shared goals through different routes.
Mainstreaming (education): A placement approach in which students with disabilities join general education classes when considered ready or appropriate. Unlike inclusion, mainstreaming often makes access conditional on a student's fit with existing arrangements.
Individualized Education Program: A legally required plan in the United States that specifies special education services and goals for an eligible student. It records the goals, services, and supports a student needs in an inclusive setting.
Education for All Handicapped Children Act: The 1975 United States law that established federal protections and services for children with disabilities in public schools. It created a nationwide legal foundation later expanded by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
Response to intervention: A school framework that uses progressively intensive instruction and monitoring to identify and address learning needs. Early, tiered support can help students participate before difficulties become entrenched.
Special education: Instruction and services designed to address the learning needs of students with disabilities and other eligible learners. Inclusive education is one way of organizing special education within general settings.
Reasonable accommodation: A practical adjustment that enables a person with a disability to participate on an equal basis. Accommodations can make shared instruction and school activities accessible.
Brown v. Board of Education: The 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Its rejection of separate schooling influenced later arguments against disability-based exclusion.

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