Inclusive fitness

Inclusive fitness measures an organism’s genetic contribution through its own reproduction and through effects on relatives’ reproduction, weighted by genetic relatedness.

Hamilton's rule: A condition for the evolution of a social behavior: its fitness benefit to recipients, weighted by relatedness, exceeds its cost to the actor. It formalizes when a costly act can raise inclusive fitness.
Natural selection: A process in which heritable differences cause individuals to leave different numbers of surviving offspring. Inclusive fitness tracks genetic success under natural selection.
Group selection: Evolutionary change driven by differences in survival or reproduction among groups. It frames social evolution at the group level rather than through relatives’ weighted reproductive effects.
Eusociality: A social system marked by cooperative brood care, overlapping generations, and reproductive division of labor. Its extreme reproductive specialization makes kin-directed effects especially visible.
Coefficient of relatedness: A measure of the genetic similarity between individuals relative to the population average. It weights relatives’ reproductive gains in inclusive-fitness calculations.
Gene-centered view of evolution: An evolutionary perspective that treats changes in gene frequencies as the central account of adaptation. Inclusive fitness expresses success in terms of genes shared among social partners.
Multilevel selection: An evolutionary framework in which selection can operate simultaneously among individuals and groups. Its partitioning of selection differs in emphasis from inclusive-fitness accounting.
Haplodiploidy: A sex-determination system in which fertilized eggs develop as females and unfertilized eggs as males. It inspired explanations of worker cooperation through unusually high sister relatedness.
Direct fitness: An individual's genetic contribution to future generations through its own reproduction. This is the reproduction component distinguished from effects on relatives.
Allele: One of several alternative forms of a genetic sequence at a particular locus. Fitness ultimately concerns the transmission of alleles across generations.

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