Independent assortment

Independent assortment is the inheritance pattern in which alleles of different genes enter gametes independently when the genes are unlinked or sufficiently far apart on a chromosome.

Meiosis: Meiosis is cell division that produces haploid cells through one round of DNA replication and two rounds of chromosome segregation. Random orientation of chromosome pairs at the first division underlies independent assortment.
Allele: An allele is one of the alternative forms of a genetic sequence at a particular locus. The law describes how alleles at different loci are distributed among gametes.
Gregor Mendel: Gregor Mendel was a nineteenth-century naturalist whose pea-plant experiments established foundational principles of heredity. His crosses of plants differing in multiple traits revealed independent inheritance patterns.
Dihybrid cross: A dihybrid cross tracks inheritance of two genes through a mating between individuals heterozygous at both genes. For unlinked genes, its offspring ratios provide a classic test of independent assortment.
Linked genes: Linked genes are genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. Their allele combinations do not assort independently when linkage is strong.
Metaphase I: Metaphase I is the stage of meiosis when homologous chromosome pairs align at the cell's equator. Each pair's orientation is independent of the other pairs' orientations.
Gene: A gene is a DNA sequence that contributes to a functional product or regulates its production. Independent assortment concerns the inheritance of alleles at different genes.
Mendel's laws of inheritance: Mendel's laws of inheritance describe segregation and independent assortment of hereditary factors. Independent assortment is one of the laws named for Mendel's findings.
Punnett square: A Punnett square is a grid for enumerating possible offspring genotypes from parental gametes. It lists the allele combinations expected when different genes assort independently.
Pseudolinkage: Pseudolinkage is an apparent association between genes that segregate together because of chromosome behavior or genetic interactions. It can produce non-independent inheritance patterns without ordinary physical linkage between the genes.

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