India–Pakistan relations

India–Pakistan relations are the political, military, and social ties between the two South Asian states, shaped by partition, territorial disputes, wars, diplomacy, and cross-border connections.

Kashmir conflict: A dispute over the region of Kashmir, claimed in full by both India and Pakistan and divided between them and China. The unresolved territorial dispute has driven repeated wars, crises, and negotiations.
Partition of India: The 1947 division of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan, accompanied by mass migration and violence. Partition created the two states and left unresolved questions about borders and sovereignty.
Jawaharlal Nehru: India's first prime minister, who led the country from independence in 1947 until 1964. His government's handling of Kashmir and early diplomacy set enduring precedents.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948: The first war between India and Pakistan, fought over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It divided Kashmir and established the conflict that remains central to bilateral ties.
Simla Agreement: A 1972 India–Pakistan agreement that committed both states to resolve disputes peacefully and respect the Line of Control. It established a bilateral framework distinct from later international mediation proposals.
Line of Control: The military control line dividing Indian- and Pakistani-administered parts of Kashmir. It marks the main frontier where the Kashmir dispute becomes a daily military reality.
Indian independence movement: The political struggle that ended British rule in India and led to independence in 1947. Its competing visions of representation and nationhood shaped the conditions of partition.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: The founder of Pakistan and its first governor-general, who led the Muslim League's campaign for a separate state. His political project shaped Pakistan's founding identity and its relationship with India.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971: A war in which India supported East Pakistan's independence, leading to the creation of Bangladesh. Pakistan's defeat and Bangladesh's emergence profoundly altered regional power and bilateral relations.
Tashkent Declaration: A 1966 agreement in which India and Pakistan agreed to withdraw forces after the 1965 war. It offers an earlier postwar settlement to compare with the Simla framework.

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