Indian English literature

Indian English literature comprises literary works written in English by Indian writers, in India and across the diaspora. It includes fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction shaped by varied Indian languages, histories, and experiences.

English education in India: The introduction and expansion of English-language instruction in India under colonial rule and after independence. Colonial schooling created institutions and audiences for early Indian writing in English.
Indian English: Varieties of English used in India, shaped by local languages, histories, and patterns of use. Its idioms and rhythms provide a linguistic resource for literary writing.
Kanthapura: Raja Rao's 1938 novel about a South Indian village and the impact of Gandhi's independence movement. Its village narrator and oral cadence exemplify efforts to reshape English for Indian storytelling.
Indian literature in translation: Literary works originally written in Indian languages and rendered into another language, often English. It distinguishes English-language composition from literature that reaches English through translation.
Salman Rushdie: An Indian-born British novelist and essayist known for fiction including Midnight's Children. His international success altered expectations for Indian and diasporic fiction in English.
Raja Rao: An Indian novelist and short-story writer whose English-language fiction drew on Indian narrative traditions. His foreword to Kanthapura articulated a lasting debate about making English express Indian experience.
Code-switching: The alternation between languages or language varieties within a conversation or text. Writers use shifts between English and Indian languages to represent multilingual life.
Untouchable: Mulk Raj Anand's 1935 novel following one day in the life of Bakha, a young Dalit man. Its compressed realist narrative confronts caste discrimination in colonial India.
Anglo-Indian literature: Writing associated with British communities in India, especially during the colonial period. It is distinct from writing by Indian authors, despite the similar name.
Arundhati Roy: An Indian novelist and political essayist whose first novel, The God of Small Things, won the 1997 Booker Prize. Her novel brought global attention to distinctive linguistic and narrative experiments.

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