Indian independence movement

The political struggle that ended British rule in India in 1947, combining mass protest, revolutionary activity, and constitutional campaigns.

Non-cooperation movement: A 1920–1922 campaign in which Indians withdrew cooperation from British institutions and goods. It showed how Gandhi turned nonviolent refusal into a nationwide political campaign.
Mahatma Gandhi: An Indian nationalist leader who made nonviolent mass action central to the campaign against British rule. His organizing and satyagraha shaped the movement's largest campaigns.
British Raj: The system of direct British colonial rule over most of the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947. The movement sought to dismantle this governing system and its imperial authority.
Satyagraha: A method of resistance developed by Gandhi that uses nonviolent action and willingness to endure suffering. It names the ethical method behind many of the movement's mass campaigns.
Civil disobedience movement: A campaign of deliberate lawbreaking against colonial rule, launched in 1930 with the Salt March. Its salt protest made resistance visible and mobilized people across regions.
Jawaharlal Nehru: An Indian nationalist leader who became independent India's first prime minister in 1947. He led the Congress toward a modern, secular vision of an independent state.
Indian National Congress: A political organization founded in 1885 that became a leading force in India's independence struggle. Its evolution from elite petitioning to mass politics shaped the campaign's course.
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association: A revolutionary organization that advocated armed struggle against British rule in India. Its revolutionary approach contrasted with Congress campaigns of nonviolent mass resistance.
Quit India Movement: The mass campaign launched by the Indian National Congress in August 1942, demanding an end to British rule. Its arrests and decentralized protests exposed the difficulty of governing without Indian consent.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A political leader of the All-India Muslim League who advocated Pakistan as Muslim-majority regions sought self-rule. His negotiations and demand for Pakistan reshaped the terms of independence.

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