Indo-Aryan languages

Indo-Aryan languages are a major branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, spoken chiefly across South Asia. They include Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and many other languages.

Indo-European languages: A language family whose branches include Indo-Iranian, Germanic, Romance, and Slavic. Indo-Aryan languages ultimately belong to this large family.
Indo-Aryan sound laws: Regular historical sound changes that shaped Indo-Aryan languages from earlier forms. Recurring sound correspondences help establish relationships among Indo-Aryan languages.
Hindi: An Indo-Aryan language spoken widely in northern and central India. Hindi is among the branch's largest contemporary languages.
Iranian languages: A branch of Indo-Iranian languages that includes Persian, Pashto, and Kurdish. Iranian languages are Indo-Aryan's closest major sister branch.
Rigveda: The oldest Vedic Sanskrit collection, composed in the second millennium BCE. Its language is the earliest substantial Indo-Aryan textual record.
Indo-Iranian languages: The Indo-European branch containing Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani languages. This is the parent branch of Indo-Aryan.
Prakrit: A collective name for Middle Indo-Aryan literary languages, distinct from Sanskrit. Prakrits show how spoken forms developed alongside Sanskrit traditions.
Bengali: An Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. Bengali illustrates the branch's eastern reach and major literary tradition.
Nuristani languages: A small Indo-Iranian branch spoken in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Its classification distinguishes it from both Indo-Aryan and Iranian.
Vedic Sanskrit: The early form of Sanskrit used in the Vedas and related ritual texts. It preserves archaic Indo-Aryan features absent from later classical Sanskrit.

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