Indonesian invasion of East Timor

Indonesia’s military invasion of Portuguese Timor began on 7 December 1975 and led to an occupation that lasted until 1999. The invasion followed a brief civil conflict and preceded East Timor’s independence.

Operation Lotus: The Indonesian military plan for the invasion and annexation of East Timor. Its execution began with the December 1975 assault on Dili.
Portuguese Timor: The Portuguese colony occupying the eastern half of Timor until its decolonization in 1975. Its abrupt decolonization left a power vacuum before Indonesia invaded.
Suharto: Indonesia’s president from 1967 to 1998 and the central authority behind the invasion of East Timor. He approved the campaign to bring the territory under Indonesian control.
Santa Cruz massacre: The Indonesian military’s killing of mourners and demonstrators in Dili on 12 November 1991. Footage of the killings drew renewed international attention to the occupation.
Battle of Dili: The opening Indonesian attack on East Timor’s capital on 7 December 1975. Paratroopers and naval forces struck Dili at the invasion’s outset.
Carnation Revolution: The 1974 Portuguese military coup that ended the Estado Novo dictatorship and accelerated decolonization. The revolution prompted Portugal’s withdrawal from its remaining overseas territories.
Adam Malik: Indonesia’s foreign minister from 1973 to 1978 and a principal official during the invasion. His diplomacy accompanied Indonesia’s military moves and claims about integration.
East Timor genocide: The mass deaths and severe abuses inflicted on East Timorese during Indonesian rule, especially from 1975 to 1999. The occupation’s human cost began with the invasion and continued under Indonesian rule.
East Timorese Civil War: The August 1975 armed conflict between political parties in Portuguese Timor. The conflict preceded the invasion and helped Indonesia justify intervention.
Apodeti: A 1974 East Timorese political party that advocated integration with Indonesia. Its position contrasted with independence movements during the decolonization crisis.

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