Indonesian National Awakening

The early twentieth-century growth of political consciousness and nationalism among people of the Dutch East Indies. It fostered organizations and ideas that helped inspire Indonesia’s independence movement.

Dutch East Indies: The Dutch colonial territory that became the core of modern Indonesia. Its unequal colonial order shaped the grievances and political setting of the awakening.
Budi Utomo: A Javanese association founded in 1908 that promoted education and cultural advancement. Its founding is conventionally commemorated as the beginning of the National Awakening.
Wahidin Soedirohoesodo: A Javanese physician and advocate of education whose ideas helped inspire Budi Utomo. His educational campaign helped set the association’s founding in motion.
Indonesian communism: The development of communist ideas and organizations in Indonesia, including the Indonesian Communist Party. Its class-based revolution offered a distinct route to ending colonial rule.
Ethical Policy: A Dutch colonial policy introduced in 1901 that promoted limited welfare measures, including education, in the East Indies. Expanded schooling helped form a small educated population active in nationalist politics.
Sarekat Islam: A mass political and social organization founded in the Dutch East Indies in the early twentieth century. Its rapid growth brought nationalist organizing to a much broader public.
Soetomo: An Indonesian physician and nationalist who helped found Budi Utomo in 1908. He organized one of the awakening’s earliest influential associations.
Indonesian Islamism: Political movements in Indonesia that seek to shape public life through Islamic principles. Islamic political organizing intersected with nationalism but advanced its own priorities.
Colonialism: A system in which a state controls and exploits another territory and its population. Dutch colonial rule supplied the political conditions against which Indonesian nationalism developed.
Indische Party: A political party founded in 1912 that advocated independence for the Dutch East Indies. It gave explicit political expression to an inclusive, anti-colonial nationalism.

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