Insecticide resistance

Insecticide resistance is the inherited ability of an insect population to survive doses of an insecticide that once killed it. It evolves when exposure favors heritable traits that reduce the insecticide’s effects.

Target-site resistance: Resistance caused by inherited changes to an insecticide’s molecular target, reducing the insecticide’s ability to bind or act. Mutations in the target can make an insecticide less effective without changing how it enters the insect.
Natural selection: A process in which heritable traits that improve survival or reproduction become more common across generations. Insecticide exposure favors insects with traits that let them survive treatment.
Insecticide resistance management: Strategies designed to delay the evolution and spread of resistance in pest populations. This field uses changes in insecticide use and pest control to prolong effectiveness.
Insecticide failure: The inability of an insecticide treatment to provide adequate pest control under specified conditions. Resistance can make a previously effective treatment fail, though application and environmental factors also matter.
Insecticide susceptibility: The degree to which an insect population is affected by a particular insecticide. Resistance is measured as a reduction in susceptibility relative to a reference population.
Metabolic resistance: Resistance caused by increased production or altered activity of enzymes that detoxify or break down insecticides. Enhanced detoxification can remove an insecticide before it reaches its target.
Allele frequency: The proportion of copies of a genetic variant, or allele, in a population. Resistance evolves as resistance-associated alleles become more common in the insect population.
Insecticide resistance monitoring: The systematic measurement of susceptibility to insecticides in pest populations over time. Monitoring detects shifts in susceptibility before control failures become widespread.
Malaria: A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Resistance in malaria-vector mosquitoes can weaken insecticide-based prevention.
Insecticide tolerance: The ability of insects to endure exposure to an insecticide without a heritable population-level increase in survival. Tolerance may describe natural or non-genetic variation rather than evolved resistance.

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