Knowra Institutional racism Institutional racism Institutional racism occurs when an institution’s policies, routines, or practices produce or sustain racial inequality, whether or not individuals intend to discriminate.
Structural racism : A system of interconnected institutions and social practices that produces and sustains racial inequality. It describes how unequal outcomes across institutions reinforce one another.
Redlining : The discriminatory denial or restriction of credit and services in neighborhoods, historically based on racial composition. Housing finance policies helped institutionalize racial disparities in wealth and neighborhood investment.
Jim Crow laws : State and local laws that enforced racial segregation and subordination in the United States, especially from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth. They made racial inequality an explicit feature of public institutions.
Interpersonal racism : Racist attitudes, actions, or interactions between individuals. It concerns person-to-person conduct, unlike institutionally embedded rules and routines.
Social determinants of health : The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that shape health and wellbeing. Institutional disparities shape housing, income, education, and other conditions that influence health.
Disparate impact : A legal and statistical concept describing a policy that disproportionately harms a protected group, regardless of intent. It captures how a formally neutral institutional rule can have racially unequal effects.
School-to-prison pipeline : The set of school policies and practices that increases students’ contact with the juvenile and criminal legal systems. Discipline and policing practices can channel racial disparities from schools into incarceration.
Slavery in the United States : A system of forced labor and hereditary racial bondage in the United States that lasted until its abolition in 1865. Its legal and economic legacies shaped institutions long after emancipation.
Individual racism : Racial prejudice or discriminatory behavior expressed by an individual. It locates the source in personal beliefs or actions rather than institutional arrangements.
Intergenerational wealth : Assets transferred or made available across generations, including money, property, and financial support. Unequal institutional access to asset-building opportunities can compound across generations.
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