Intelligence

Intelligence is the capacity to learn, reason, solve problems, and adapt to circumstances. It can be studied in humans, other animals, and artificial systems.

Learning: A process through which experience produces relatively lasting changes in knowledge or behavior. Learning supplies the experience that intelligence uses to improve future responses.
Psychometrics: The science of measuring psychological traits and abilities through tests and statistical models. Psychometrics provides the tools used to compare patterns of cognitive performance.
Multiple intelligences: Howard Gardner’s theory that human abilities comprise distinct forms of intelligence, such as linguistic and spatial. It challenges models that summarize cognitive ability mainly through a general factor.
Educational psychology: The study of how people learn and how teaching can support learning. It applies knowledge of cognitive abilities to instruction and student development.
Heritability of IQ: A population statistic estimating how much variation in IQ scores is associated with genetic variation in a particular environment. It distinguishes genetic influence on score differences from claims about individual potential.
Reasoning: The process of drawing conclusions from information, rules, or evidence. Reasoning lets intelligence connect information and reach conclusions beyond direct observation.
Intelligence quotient: A standardized score that summarizes performance on an intelligence test relative to an age-based norm. IQ tests operationalize selected abilities, but do not capture every aspect of intelligence.
Emotional intelligence: The ability to perceive, understand, use, and regulate emotions in oneself and others. It broadens discussion beyond the cognitive abilities emphasized by conventional intelligence tests.
Gifted education: Educational approaches and services designed for students with unusually advanced abilities. It addresses how schools identify and support particular patterns of high ability.
Flynn effect: The observed rise in average intelligence-test scores across generations in many populations during the twentieth century. Its historical pattern shows that test performance can change substantially across generations.

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