Intelligence quotient

An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a standardized score estimating cognitive ability relative to an age-based reference group. Modern IQ scores are derived from performance on tests calibrated to a population distribution.

Intelligence test: A standardized assessment designed to measure aspects of cognitive ability. IQ scores are calculated from performance on these assessments.
General intelligence factor: A statistical factor representing the positive correlations among performance on diverse cognitive tasks. Many IQ tests are designed to capture broad cognitive performance associated with this factor.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: A widely used individually administered intelligence test for adults. It produces an overall IQ score alongside scores for distinct cognitive domains.
Achievement test: A test measuring knowledge or skills acquired through learning and instruction. Unlike IQ tests, achievement tests focus on learned content rather than broad cognitive performance.
Psychological testing: The use of standardized measures to assess psychological characteristics and functioning. IQ testing is one influential form of psychological assessment.
Norm-referenced test: A test whose scores are interpreted by comparison with results from a defined reference group. IQ expresses performance against a population norm rather than a fixed mastery standard.
Fluid and crystallized intelligence: A distinction between reasoning in novel situations and abilities acquired through learning and experience. IQ tests sample different mixes of these partly distinct abilities.
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales: A family of individually administered intelligence tests for children and adults. Its scores are a prominent example of age-normed IQ assessment.
Emotional intelligence: A proposed set of abilities involving the perception, understanding, and regulation of emotion. It concerns emotional capacities, not the cognitive abilities conventionally assessed by IQ tests.
Race and intelligence: The contested study of relationships among socially defined racial groups, test scores, and cognitive ability. Group score differences have been used in disputed claims about inherited ability and social inequality.

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