Intergenerational mobility

Intergenerational mobility is the degree to which people’s economic or social positions differ from those of their parents. It can describe changes in income, occupation, education, or social class.

Absolute mobility: The share of people who attain a higher income or social position than their parents. It measures whether children move upward in real terms, regardless of their rank among peers.
Income inequality: The uneven distribution of income among people or households. A society’s income distribution shapes the distances children can move between ranks.
Great Gatsby curve: A proposed cross-country relationship between income inequality and intergenerational income persistence. It frames the claim that societies with greater inequality often show less income mobility.
Poverty trap: A self-reinforcing condition in which poverty limits resources needed to escape poverty. Persistent barriers can keep low-income status from changing across generations.
Intragenerational mobility: A person's movement between economic or social positions during their own lifetime. It concerns an individual’s career or life-course changes, not differences from parents.
Relative mobility: The degree to which a person's position in a social or economic distribution is independent of their parents' position. It captures how strongly parental rank predicts children’s rank, even when living standards rise for everyone.
Social stratification: The structured ranking of people and groups into unequal social positions. Mobility describes movement through the layers created by stratification.
Equality of opportunity: The principle that life chances should not depend on circumstances beyond a person's control. Mobility statistics are often used to assess whether family origins constrain life chances.
Economic growth: An increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over time. Access to opportunity can affect how fully economies develop people’s talents.
Income mobility: Changes in people's income levels or ranks over time, within or across generations. The term can describe movements over time without specifying a parent-child comparison.

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