Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

The 1987 United States–Soviet treaty banned and eliminated all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometers, along with their launchers.

INF Treaty verification: The inspection, monitoring, and data-exchange procedures used to verify compliance with the INF Treaty. On-site inspections and monitoring checked that declared missile systems were destroyed and not rebuilt.
NATO Double-Track Decision: NATO's 1979 policy combining arms-control negotiations with planned deployment of U.S. missiles in Europe. Its planned deployments increased pressure for talks that could avert a new missile buildup.
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe: A 1990 agreement limiting conventional military equipment deployed in Europe. The treaty formed part of a broader late-Cold War effort to reduce military threats in Europe.
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty withdrawal: The United States' 2019 withdrawal from the INF Treaty, followed by Russia's suspension of participation. The treaty ended after the parties disputed compliance and the United States formally withdrew.
On-site inspection: A verification method in which officials inspect facilities in person under agreed rules. The treaty permitted inspections at missile facilities and production sites.
Euromissile crisis: The Cold War confrontation over Soviet and NATO intermediate-range missiles deployed in Europe. This crisis created the central security problem the treaty was designed to resolve.
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty: A 1991 United States–Soviet agreement requiring reductions in strategic nuclear weapons and launchers. It followed the INF Treaty as another major negotiated reduction in nuclear forces.
New START: A 2010 United States–Russia treaty limiting deployed strategic nuclear warheads and delivery systems. Unlike the INF Treaty, it limits strategic forces rather than banning a missile class.
National Technical Means: Remote intelligence-gathering methods, including satellites, used to monitor arms-control agreements. Satellite observation supplemented treaty inspections and helped track missile-related activity.
INF negotiations: The 1981–1987 United States–Soviet talks that produced the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. Negotiators moved from stalled proposals to a ban covering an entire missile category.

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