International trade law

International trade law comprises treaties, institutions, and domestic rules governing trade across national borders, including tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and trade remedies.

World Trade Organization: An intergovernmental organization that administers global trade agreements and provides a forum for trade negotiations and disputes. Its agreements and procedures form the central multilateral framework for trade rules.
Tariff: A tax imposed on goods when they cross a customs border. Tariffs are the most direct border measure regulated by trade agreements.
Free trade agreement: An agreement between countries that reduces or removes trade barriers among its parties. Such agreements create preferential market access beyond general multilateral commitments.
World Trade Organization law: The body of agreements and institutional rules administered through the World Trade Organization. It is the multilateral core, distinct from regional and domestic trade rules.
Trade liberalization: The reduction or removal of government-imposed barriers to international trade. Negotiated commitments have progressively lowered many tariffs and restrictions.
Most-favoured-nation treatment: A trade principle requiring a state to extend specified advantages to all covered trading partners equally. It limits discrimination among members when governments change trade conditions.
Non-tariff barrier: A policy or regulation other than a tariff that can restrict or alter international trade. Many disputes concern regulatory barriers rather than customs duties.
Anti-dumping duty: An additional import duty imposed under specified conditions to counteract injurious dumping. Trade rules regulate when governments may respond to low-priced imports this way.
Regional trade agreement: A treaty among a limited group of economies that governs trade between its parties. Regional agreements can grant preferences that differ from WTO-wide commitments.
Trade war: A conflict in which governments impose retaliatory trade restrictions against one another. Disputes over obligations can escalate into reciprocal tariffs and broader economic retaliation.

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