Intravenous immunoglobulin

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a preparation of pooled antibodies from human donors, infused into a vein to replace missing antibodies or modify immune activity.

Fc receptor: A cell-surface or intracellular protein that binds the antibody region known as the Fc fragment. Competition for activating Fc receptors may help explain IVIG's anti-inflammatory effects.
Primary immunodeficiency: A group of disorders caused by inherited defects in immune-system development or function. Regular IVIG can replace antibodies in patients who cannot produce enough protective immunoglobulin.
Subcutaneous immunoglobulin: A donor-derived immunoglobulin treatment delivered into tissue beneath the skin rather than into a vein. It provides antibody replacement with smaller, more frequent doses and different infusion burdens.
Thrombosis: The formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. IVIG can increase clotting risk, especially with high doses or in people with additional risk factors.
FcRn: The neonatal Fc receptor that protects IgG from degradation and regulates its circulation and transport. High-dose IVIG may saturate FcRn, accelerating the breakdown of disease-causing IgG.
Immune thrombocytopenia: An autoimmune disorder in which immune-mediated platelet destruction causes a low platelet count. IVIG can raise platelet counts quickly, often as a short-term treatment.
Plasma exchange: A procedure that removes plasma and replaces it with donor plasma or a substitute. Unlike IVIG, it physically removes circulating antibodies and other plasma components.
Aseptic meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges without evidence of a bacterial infection. This uncommon adverse effect can follow IVIG, particularly after high-dose treatment.
Complement system: A network of blood proteins that helps recognize and eliminate microbes and damaged cells. Pooled antibodies can bind complement components and limit tissue injury in some disorders.
Kawasaki disease: An acute childhood illness that causes inflammation of blood vessels and can damage coronary arteries. IVIG is standard initial therapy to reduce inflammation and the risk of coronary complications.

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