Iran–Iraq War

A war between Iran and Iraq from 1980 to 1988, marked by trench warfare, missile attacks, and heavy casualties on both sides.

Iranian invasion of Iraq: Iraq's 1980 invasion of Iran that opened the war and sought territorial and political gains. Iraq's initial advance triggered the conflict and set its early military course.
Shatt al-Arab dispute: A long-running dispute over sovereignty and navigation on the waterway separating Iran and Iraq. Control of the waterway was a central territorial grievance before the invasion.
Ruhollah Khomeini: Iran's supreme leader from 1979 until his death in 1989 and a central figure in the Islamic Revolution. He rejected an early ceasefire and made the war a test of the revolution's survival.
Chemical weapons in the Iran–Iraq War: Iraq's extensive use of chemical weapons against Iranian forces and civilians during the war. The attacks caused mass casualties and became one of the conflict's defining violations.
Operation Ramadan: A major Iranian offensive against Iraqi forces near Basra in July 1982. It marked Iran's shift from defending its territory to invading Iraq.
Algiers Agreement: A 1975 agreement in which Iran and Iraq settled aspects of their border dispute, including navigation on the Shatt al-Arab. Saddam Hussein repudiated the agreement shortly before Iraq invaded Iran.
Abulhassan Banisadr: Iran's first president after the 1979 revolution, removed from office in 1981. His conflict with revolutionary institutions shaped Iran's early wartime leadership.
Halabja chemical attack: A March 1988 Iraqi chemical attack on the Kurdish city of Halabja that killed thousands of civilians. It exposed the human consequences of Iraq's chemical warfare near the war's end.
Iranian human wave attacks: Infantry assaults that relied on massed troops to overwhelm defenses, used by Iran during the war. Iran used these costly assaults when its forces faced Iraqi defensive lines.
Iranian Revolution: The 1979 overthrow of Iran's monarchy and establishment of an Islamic republic. The revolution weakened Iran's military and transformed its regional politics before the war.

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