Iran–Israel proxy conflict

A prolonged confrontation in which Iran and Israel oppose each other through allied armed groups, covert operations, and regional partners, alongside occasional direct exchanges.

Axis of Resistance: A loose network of Iran-aligned governments and armed groups opposing Israel and U.S. influence in the Middle East. It is the main regional network through which Iran projects power against Israel.
Iranian Revolution: The 1979 revolution that overthrew Iran’s monarchy and established an Islamic republic. The revolution transformed Iran’s relationship with Israel from cooperation to hostility.
Syrian–Israeli conflict: A long-running conflict between Israel and Syria involving wars, border incidents, and disputes over territory. Iran’s military presence in Syria brought its forces and partners close to Israel’s border.
Iran–Israel relations: The political and security relationship between Iran and Israel, marked by hostility since Iran’s 1979 revolution. This broader relationship includes diplomacy, threats, and direct action beyond proxy conflict.
Middle East arms race: Competition among Middle Eastern states to acquire and develop military capabilities. Repeated threats and strikes increase incentives for regional actors to expand deterrent arsenals.
Hezbollah: A Lebanese Shiite Islamist political and armed organization founded in the early 1980s. Its arsenal and position on Israel’s northern border make it Iran’s most capable allied force.
Iran–Iraq War: A war between Iran and Iraq fought from 1980 to 1988. Wartime alliances and Iran’s search for regional influence shaped its later support for armed partners.
Israel–Hezbollah conflict: The recurring armed confrontation between Israel and Hezbollah, centered on the Israel–Lebanon border. This is the conflict’s most established front involving an Iran-aligned armed group.
Iran–Saudi Arabia relations: The rivalry and changing diplomatic relationship between Iran and Saudi Arabia, two regional powers. Their competition also involves regional partners, but it is not the same confrontation as Iran and Israel’s.
Iranian nuclear program: Iran’s development of nuclear technology and its disputed efforts to enrich uranium. Israel treats the prospect of an Iranian nuclear weapon as a major security threat.

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