Irish Civil War

The 1922–1923 conflict between pro- and anti-Treaty Irish forces over the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State.

Anglo-Irish Treaty: The 1921 agreement establishing the Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion within the British Empire. Its terms, especially the oath and dominion status, divided Irish nationalists.
Provisional Government of Ireland: The temporary administration created under the Anglo-Irish Treaty before the Irish Free State was established. It directed the pro-Treaty side and sought to establish authority over the country.
Éamon de Valera: An Irish republican politician who opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty and later led Fianna Fáil. He became the leading political voice of anti-Treaty republicanism.
Public Safety Act 1922: Irish Free State legislation that authorized military tribunals and the execution of people convicted of specified offenses. It provided the legal framework for executions that intensified the conflict’s bitterness.
Battle of Kilmallock: A July 1922 battle in County Limerick between pro- and anti-Treaty forces. The Free State victory helped break anti-Treaty control in Munster.
Irish War of Independence: The 1919–1921 guerrilla conflict between the Irish Republican Army and British forces in Ireland. The ceasefire and Treaty that ended this conflict set the stage for civil war.
Four Courts: A major Dublin courthouse complex occupied by anti-Treaty forces in 1922. Its bombardment by Free State forces began open fighting in Dublin.
Arthur Griffith: An Irish nationalist politician who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty and served as president of Dáil Éireann. He defended the Treaty in debate before dying during the opening phase of the war.
Irish Free State executions during the Civil War: Executions carried out by the Irish Free State during the civil war, including prisoners and captured anti-Treaty fighters. The executions of 81 men remain among the war’s most contentious state actions.
Irish Free State offensive of 1922: The military campaign in which Free State forces retook major towns and ports from anti-Treaty forces. Its rapid successes ended the anti-Treaty side’s ability to hold territory conventionally.

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