Irish nationalism

Irish nationalism is a political tradition that links Irish national identity with claims to self-government or independence from British rule. It has encompassed constitutional, revolutionary, cultural, and religious movements.

Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: The late twelfth-century invasion that began centuries of English and later British intervention in Ireland. It marks the beginning of the long political relationship against which Irish claims to autonomy developed.
Theobald Wolfe Tone: An Irish revolutionary and founding member of the United Irishmen who advocated an independent Irish republic. His republican and nonsectarian vision became a lasting strand of Irish nationalism.
Catholic emancipation: The removal of major legal restrictions on Catholics, culminating in the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829. It was a major early test of mass mobilization for equal political rights in Ireland.
Irish unionism: A political tradition supporting the union between Ireland and Great Britain, especially prominent among Protestants in Ulster. It opposed the nationalist demand to end or weaken the political union.
Anglo-Irish Treaty: The 1921 agreement that ended the Irish War of Independence and provided for an Irish Free State within the British Commonwealth. Its terms brought self-government but split nationalists over the oath, dominion status, and partition.
Plantations of Ireland: Organized settlements of English and Scottish colonists on land confiscated from Irish owners, especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Land confiscation and settlement deepened religious and political divisions that later nationalists addressed.
Daniel O'Connell: An Irish political leader who mobilized mass support for Catholic emancipation and repeal of the Act of Union. His constitutional campaigns showed how popular organization could pursue national change without insurrection.
Repeal Association: A political organization founded by Daniel O'Connell in 1840 to campaign for repeal of the Act of Union. It pursued restoration of an Irish legislature through organized, largely nonviolent popular agitation.
Irish republicanism: A political tradition seeking an independent Irish republic, historically often through revolutionary means. It is a distinct strand within nationalism, with a more explicit republican and separatist aim.
Irish Civil War: The 1922–1923 conflict between supporters and opponents of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It showed how disagreements over the form and extent of independence divided the nationalist movement.

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