Irish War of Independence

A guerrilla conflict in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army and British forces. The Anglo-Irish Treaty ended the fighting and led to the Irish Free State.

Irish Republican Army: An Irish republican paramilitary organization that fought British rule and sought an independent Irish republic. Its flying columns and local units made the war a dispersed guerrilla campaign.
Easter Rising: An armed insurrection in Dublin in April 1916 that sought to end British rule and establish an Irish republic. Its aftermath reshaped Irish politics and strengthened support for independence.
Anglo-Irish Treaty: A 1921 agreement that established the Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion within the British Commonwealth. It ended the war while dividing the independence movement over the oath and partition.
Soloheadbeg ambush: An IRA ambush in County Tipperary on 21 January 1919 that killed two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary. Often treated as the war’s opening attack, it occurred on the day the First Dáil met.
Irish Rebellion of 1798: An uprising in Ireland in 1798, led by the United Irishmen and met by British forces. It was an earlier rebellion against British rule, not the 1919–1921 guerrilla war.
Michael Collins: An Irish revolutionary who helped lead the independence movement and later became chairman of the Provisional Government. He directed intelligence and counterintelligence operations against British forces.
Sinn Féin: An Irish political party associated with Irish republicanism and the independence movement. Its 1918 electoral victory enabled elected nationalists to claim a rival mandate.
Irish Free State: A self-governing dominion established in 1922 across most of Ireland under the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was the state created by the treaty settlement that followed the war.
Burning of Cork: The destruction of much of central Cork by fire in December 1920, following an attack on British forces. The damage and disputed responsibility illustrate the war’s reprisal cycle.
Irish War of Independence in County Cork: The campaign of IRA activity and British countermeasures in County Cork during the Irish War of Independence. Cork was a major regional theater within the wider national conflict.

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