Muslim conquest of Persia

The seventh-century campaigns by Arab Muslim armies that defeated the Sasanian Empire and brought Persia under Muslim rule.

Battle of al-Qadisiyyah: A battle in 636 or 637 in which Arab Muslim forces defeated a Sasanian army near al-Qadisiyyah in Iraq. Its defeat of a major Sasanian force opened the way to Ctesiphon.
Sasanian Empire: A Persian empire that ruled much of western Asia from 224 to 651. Its territory and institutions were the object of the conquest.
Khalid ibn al-Walid: An Arab Muslim military commander who led campaigns in Arabia, Iraq, and Syria during the early caliphate. Later accounts associate him with early operations against Sasanian forces in Iraq.
Islamization of Iran: The gradual process by which Islam became the predominant religion in Iran after the seventh-century conquest. Political conquest preceded the slower religious conversion of much of the population.
Ctesiphon: An ancient city on the Tigris that served as a capital of the Parthian and Sasanian empires. Its capture transferred the Sasanian capital and its treasury to the conquerors.
Battle of Ctesiphon: The 637 capture of the Sasanian capital by Arab Muslim forces, also known as the Battle of al-Mada'in. The capital's fall deprived the Sasanians of their principal political center.
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: The final major war between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires, ending in 628 after decades of fighting. Its immense costs left both empires vulnerable to the expansion of Arab Muslim forces.
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas: A companion of Muhammad and Arab Muslim commander who led forces in the campaigns in Iraq, including al-Qadisiyyah. He commanded the Muslim army in the campaign that brought Ctesiphon within reach.
Persianization: The spread or adoption of Persian language and cultural practices by peoples and institutions beyond their original settings. Persian culture continued to shape Muslim courts and administration after the Sasanian state fell.
Khuzestan: A southwestern Iranian region bordering Iraq, historically known as Khuzestan or Elam. Its cities and routes formed an early theater of campaigns east of Iraq.

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