Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

The internationally recognized Afghan republic established under the 2004 constitution, with Kabul as its capital and a presidential system of government. It ended in August 2021 when the Taliban captured Kabul and the government collapsed.

Bonn Agreement: The 2001 agreement that established an interim Afghan administration and outlined a path toward a new political order. It set the transitional process that led to the republic’s constitution and elections.
President of Afghanistan: The head of state and government under Afghanistan’s 2004 constitution, elected for a five-year term. The presidency concentrated executive authority at the center of the republic.
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021): The conflict between the United States-led coalition, Afghan government forces, and insurgent groups from 2001 to 2021. The republic’s institutions developed and ultimately fell amid this prolonged war.
Taliban: An Islamist movement that governed Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 and regained control in 2021. Its insurgency opposed the republic, then replaced its government.
Afghan Constitution of 2004: Afghanistan’s constitution, adopted in 2004, defining the state as an Islamic republic and establishing its institutions. It supplied the republic’s legal framework and presidential system.
National Assembly of Afghanistan: Afghanistan’s bicameral legislature, comprising the House of the People and the House of Elders. The legislature provided the republic’s formal lawmaking and representative institutions.
Afghan peace process: Negotiations and diplomatic efforts intended to end the war in Afghanistan and establish a political settlement. Talks shaped the republic’s final years without securing an agreement with the Taliban.
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001): The Taliban-led Afghan government that controlled most of the country from 1996 until the 2001 invasion. It was the republic’s immediate predecessor and differed in institutions and political order.
Hamid Karzai: Afghan political leader who headed the interim and transitional administrations before serving as president from 2004 to 2014. He led the transitional government and became the republic’s first elected president.
Afghan National Security Forces: The military and police organizations responsible for Afghanistan’s security during the republic. Their capacity and dependence on international support shaped the state’s survival.

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