Islamization of Iran

Islamization of Iran was the gradual shift from a predominantly Zoroastrian society to a predominantly Muslim one after the seventh-century Arab conquest. It unfolded over centuries through changing political institutions, social ties, and religious practice.

Arab conquest of Persia: The seventh-century military conquest that ended Sasanian rule in Iran and brought the region under early Muslim governments. It created Muslim political rule, the setting in which Iran’s religious transformation began.
Sasanian Empire: The Iranian empire that ruled much of West Asia from 224 to 651 CE and promoted Zoroastrian institutions. Its collapse left Iran’s established religious order under new political authority.
Abu Muslim Khorasani: A revolutionary leader who mobilized support in Khurasan for the Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyads in 747–750. His movement linked Iranian regions to a political upheaval that expanded Abbasid rule.
Persian language: An Indo-Iranian language spoken in Iran and across parts of Central and South Asia. Persian persisted under Muslim rule and became a major language of administration and literature.
Islamization: The process by which a society, institution, or region adopts Islamic beliefs, practices, and cultural forms. Iran’s experience is one regional instance of a broader and varied historical process.
Dhimmi: A non-Muslim subject recognized by Muslim authorities and granted protection under specific legal and fiscal conditions. The status shaped the position of Zoroastrians and other non-Muslims under Muslim rule.
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah: A major battle in 636 or 637 in which Arab Muslim forces defeated a Sasanian army in Iraq. The defeat opened the way for the conquest of the Sasanian heartlands.
Abbasid Revolution: The movement that overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and established Abbasid rule in 750. It brought Iranian supporters and administrators into a new caliphal order.
New Persian literature: Literature composed in the Persian language that developed after the Islamic conquest, using the Arabic script. It joined Iranian cultural inheritance with forms and ideas circulating in the Muslim world.
Arabization: The adoption of Arabic language, culture, or identity by individuals and societies. Iran became predominantly Muslim without becoming predominantly Arabic-speaking.

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