Isomerization

Isomerization is a chemical transformation that rearranges a molecule into an isomer with the same molecular formula, changing its structure or spatial arrangement.

Cis–trans isomerization: A transformation between geometric isomers that differ in the arrangement of substituents around a bond or ring. Bond rotation or temporary bond-order changes can convert one geometric arrangement into another.
Isomer: One of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. Isomerization converts a molecule into another member of this family.
Catalytic reforming: A petroleum-refining process that converts low-octane hydrocarbons into higher-octane products and aromatic compounds. Its reactions include paraffin isomerization to improve gasoline quality.
Constitutional isomerism: Isomerism in which compounds share a molecular formula but differ in atom connectivity. It describes the relationship between products of connectivity-changing isomerizations.
Tautomerization: A reversible rearrangement in which a proton and a double bond shift between atoms, producing tautomers. It is a common isomerization pathway involving coupled proton and bond shifts.
Structural isomerism: Isomerism in which compounds with the same formula have different atom-to-atom connectivity. Many isomerizations alter which atoms are bonded to one another.
Butane isomerization: The conversion of normal butane into branched isobutane, commonly using an acid catalyst. This industrial process supplies isobutane for gasoline alkylation.
Isomerase: An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of isomers within a single molecule. The enzyme class performs biological isomerization, unlike the transformation itself.
Electrocyclic reaction: A pericyclic reaction that forms or breaks a sigma bond through concerted reorganization of pi electrons. Electrocyclic ring opening and closure can interconvert constitutional isomers.
Stereoisomerism: Isomerism in which compounds have the same connectivity but differ in the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms. Other isomerizations preserve connectivity and change spatial arrangement instead.

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