Italian campaign

The Allied campaign to invade and liberate Italy from Axis control, fought from 1943 until Germany’s surrender in Europe in 1945.

Operation Husky: The Allied invasion of Sicily in July and August 1943. Its success opened the route from North Africa to mainland Italy.
Allied invasion of Sicily: The Allied amphibious invasion of Sicily in July 1943, codenamed Operation Husky. Its outcome made an invasion of the Italian mainland practicable.
Harold Alexander: The British field marshal who commanded Allied ground forces in Italy from 1943 to 1944. He coordinated the multinational armies advancing up the peninsula.
Four Days of Naples: The 1943 uprising in which Neapolitans expelled German forces before Allied troops entered the city. The revolt showed local resistance shaping liberation behind the front.
Italian resistance movement: The armed and political opposition to German occupation and Fascism in Italy during the Second World War. Partisans supported the Allied advance and helped overthrow German-backed rule.
Operation Avalanche: The Allied landing at Salerno in September 1943. The Salerno landings established the main Allied foothold on the Italian mainland.
Italian armistice: The 1943 agreement that ended Italy’s alliance with Germany and hostilities with the Allies. Italy’s surrender changed the campaign while German forces occupied much of the country.
Mark W. Clark: The American general who commanded the U.S. Fifth Army during much of the Italian campaign. His decisions at Salerno, Cassino, and Rome remain central to accounts of the campaign.
Anzio: The coastal town south of Rome where Allied forces landed in January 1944. The landing aimed to outflank German defenses but became a prolonged stalemate.
Italian Civil War: The conflict in Italy between Fascist and anti-Fascist forces from 1943 to 1945. The campaign overlapped with Italy’s internal struggle over its political future.

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