Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose experiments on digestion and dogs established conditioned reflexes as a subject of scientific study.

Ivan Sechenov: Ivan Sechenov was a Russian physiologist who argued that reflexes underlie both voluntary and involuntary behavior. Sechenov’s reflex theory helped establish the intellectual setting for Pavlov’s research.
Classical conditioning: Classical conditioning is learning in which a stimulus comes to predict another stimulus and elicit a response. This is the learning process Pavlov demonstrated with dogs.
Digestive system: The digestive system is the set of organs that processes food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste. Pavlov’s early experiments investigated how digestive organs function.
Behaviorism: Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable behavior and its relations to the environment. Pavlovian conditioning became a foundation for behaviorist theories of learning.
Pavlov's dog: Pavlov’s dog is a familiar shorthand for a dog trained to salivate in response to a predictive signal. The image captures the animal experiments that made Pavlov widely known.
Vladimir Bekhterev: Vladimir Bekhterev was a Russian neurologist who developed an objective study of reflexes and behavior. Bekhterev pursued reflex-based explanations of behavior alongside Pavlov.
Unconditioned stimulus: An unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits a response without prior learning. Food served as the unlearned stimulus that elicited dogs’ salivation.
Gastric secretion: Gastric secretion is the release of digestive fluid by glands in the stomach lining. Pavlov measured digestive secretions to investigate physiological regulation.
Little Albert experiment: The Little Albert experiment was a 1920 study by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner on learned fear responses in an infant. The study applied conditioning ideas associated with Pavlov to human emotional responses.
Pavlov's laboratory: Pavlov’s laboratory was the research facility at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in Saint Petersburg where he studied digestion and reflexes. Its controlled experiments and specialized apparatus supported Pavlov’s research program.

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